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Agritech in India: Harnessing Opportunities, Addressing Challenges, and Exploring Future Prospects

Dr J. Suresh Kumar Associate Professor Department of Economics St. Joseph University Chümoukedima, Nagaland India ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-4813

Dr D. Shobana Assistant Professor Department of Management Studies St. Joseph University Chümoukedima, Nagaland India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-6939

Corresponding author: Dr J. Suresh Kumar: drjsuresheco@gmail.com

j. agric. vet. marine sci. 2025, 3(4); https://doi.org/10.64907/xkmf.v3.i4.javms1

Submission received: 1 August 2025 / Revised: 9 September 2025 / Accepted: 25 September 2025 / Published: 05 October 2025

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Abstract

Indian agriculture is undergoing a dramatic transformation due to advancements in agritech, which include technologies like blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and precision farming. Reduced productivity, inefficient use of resources, and disjointed supply chains are some of the long-standing problems that these technologies promise to solve radically. This study delves into the potential of Agritech in India to improve farm productivity, optimize resource utilization, and enable sustainable agricultural practices, exploring its breadth in the process. Low levels of digital literacy, insufficient infrastructure, and governmental restrictions are some of the important hurdles that are discussed. To give policymakers, entrepreneurs, and farmers practical insights, the research employs a multidisciplinary approach to examine case studies and emerging trends. Ensuring equal access to Agritech solutions requires supportive policies, capacity-building programs, and adequate infrastructure, according to the findings. Thus, the study hopes to add to the ongoing conversation about how India may use technology to improve food security, rural development, and economic growth.

Keywords: Agritech, Precision Farming, Sustainability, Indian Agriculture, Technological Adoption and Food Security

1. Introduction

Agricultural technology, or agritech, has emerged as a transformative force in India’s agricultural sector, bridging traditional practices with cutting-edge innovation to address the challenges of food security, sustainability, and rural development. India, with its agrarian economy employing nearly 58% of its population, presents a fertile ground for agritech solutions aimed at enhancing productivity, reducing inefficiencies, and promoting equitable growth (Chand et al., 2020). The integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and data analytics has reshaped conventional farming practices, enabling precision agriculture, efficient resource utilisation, and real-time decision-making.

Despite the promising advancements, agritech in India faces challenges ranging from limited digital literacy among farmers to infrastructure gaps and regulatory hurdles (Kumar et al., 2021). The sector must navigate these issues while capitalising on government initiatives like the Digital India campaign and schemes such as eNAM (National Agriculture Market) to build a more inclusive ecosystem. Furthermore, the rising investment trends and the proliferation of agritech startups underscore the potential for scalable, innovative solutions to create a resilient agricultural framework (Patel et al., 2019).

This paper explores the multifaceted landscape of agritech in India, examining its current opportunities, challenges, and prospects. By analysing trends, case studies, and policy frameworks, it aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how technological interventions can sustainably revolutionise Indian agriculture.

2. Literature Review

The burgeoning field of agritech in India has garnered significant scholarly attention, reflecting its potential to transform the agricultural sector. Researchers have emphasised the critical role of technology in addressing long-standing issues such as low productivity, resource inefficiency, and fragmented supply chains. This review synthesises key findings from existing literature, highlighting opportunities, challenges, and future directions for agritech in India.

Several studies underscore the transformative potential of agritech in enhancing productivity and sustainability. Technologies such as precision farming, enabled by IoT and remote sensing, have been identified as game-changers for optimising water, fertiliser, and pesticide use (Sharma et al., 2021). Additionally, AI-driven solutions provide predictive analytics for crop health and yield estimation, helping farmers make informed decisions (Kumar & Singh, 2020). Blockchain technology also offers promising applications in ensuring traceability and transparency in supply chains, thus addressing issues of food fraud and market inefficiencies (Patel et al., 2019).

Despite its potential, the adoption of agritech in India faces substantial barriers. Limited access to technology, especially among smallholder farmers, remains a significant concern (Chand et al., 2020). Poor digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and high initial costs often prevent farmers from embracing technological innovations. Moreover, researchers point to policy and regulatory gaps that hinder the scalability of agritech solutions (Kumar et al., 2021). The lack of integration between stakeholders—farmers, startups, policymakers, and research institutions—further exacerbates these challenges.

Emerging trends in agritech suggest a shift towards integrated platforms that combine multiple technologies for end-to-end solutions. For instance, platforms leveraging AI, satellite imagery, and machine learning are being developed to provide comprehensive farm management services (Mehta et al., 2022). Furthermore, government initiatives such as the Digital India campaign and the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme are driving digital transformation in rural areas, paving the way for increased agritech adoption (Mishra & Roy, 2021). Studies also predict that collaborations between agritech startups, academic institutions, and multinational corporations will play a pivotal role in scaling innovations (Reddy et al., 2020).

The literature reveals a dual narrative for agritech in India: one of immense opportunity and another of significant challenges. While technology holds the promise of addressing critical issues in agriculture, its success depends on overcoming barriers to adoption and creating a supportive ecosystem. Future research should focus on developing context-specific solutions that cater to the diverse needs of Indian farmers and fostering collaboration across stakeholders to ensure the scalability and sustainability of agritech innovations.

2.1 Objective of the Study

To explore emerging technologies addressing inefficiencies, enhancing agricultural productivity, and promoting sustainable farming practices in India.

To examine barriers to agritech adoption, including socio-economic, infrastructural, and policy-related challenges in India.

To evaluate agritech innovations, government initiatives, and collaborations driving growth and resilience in India’s agricultural sector.

3. Research Methodology

The research design aims to evaluate the impact of agritech innovations, assess government and policy interventions, and identify socio-economic, infrastructural, and policy-related barriers to adoption. Data were analysed from authoritative sources, including reports from the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Finance, and PMFBY, along with publications from NABARD. Scholarly articles and peer-reviewed journals from platforms like Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Scopus provided theoretical support. This methodology seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing agritech adoption and the effectiveness of government policies. The findings will inform practical recommendations for policy changes, infrastructure improvements, and initiatives promoting sustainable growth in India’s agritech sector.

4. Result and Discussion

Agritech has boosted productivity and resilience in India, supported by innovations and government programs. Despite progress, barriers such as financial constraints, digital illiteracy, and policy gaps persist. Addressing these will be vital for scaling adoption and ensuring sustainable, inclusive growth.

Role In Addressing Inefficiencies and Promoting Sustainable Practices in Agriculture in India

Emerging technologies are playing a significant role in addressing inefficiencies and promoting sustainable practices in agriculture in India.

4.1 Precision Agriculture

• Drones and Satellite Imaging: Used for crop monitoring, soil health assessment, and precision spraying. They help farmers reduce water usage and optimise inputs like fertilisers and pesticides.
• Remote Sensing: Provides real-time data for monitoring crop health and predicting yields, helping farmers make informed decisions.
• IoT Sensors: Monitor soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels, allowing farmers to use water and fertilisers efficiently.

4.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

• Crop Disease Prediction: AI models analyse weather patterns, historical data, and current conditions to predict and manage crop diseases and pest infestations.
• Yield Prediction: ML algorithms process historical and current data to forecast yields, helping farmers plan better for market sales and storage.
• Smart Farm Management: AI-powered platforms provide actionable insights for optimal planting, irrigation, and harvest times.

4.3 Blockchain Technology

• Supply Chain Transparency: Blockchain enhances traceability and transparency in the agricultural supply chain, ensuring fair prices for farmers and reducing food fraud.
• Smart Contracts: Enable automatic execution of agreements between producers and buyers, streamlining transactions and reducing intermediaries.

4.4 Biotechnology and Genetically Modified (GM) Crops

• Disease-Resistant Crops: GM crops designed to resist diseases and harsh environmental conditions contribute to better yields and reduced pesticide use.
• Drought-Tolerant Varieties: Genetically engineered seeds that require less water, supporting farming in regions facing water scarcity.

4.5 Sustainable and Organic Farming Technologies

• Composting and Biodegradable Inputs: Encourage the use of organic matter and natural pesticides, reducing dependence on chemical inputs.
• Agroforestry and Crop Rotation: Leveraging traditional practices reinforced with modern technology to maintain soil fertility and enhance biodiversity.

4.6 Vertical and Urban Farming

• Hydroponics and Aeroponics: Soil-less farming methods that allow for year-round production in urban and semi-urban areas, utilising less water and space.
• Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA): Indoor farming using climate-controlled environments to optimise conditions for crop growth.

4.7 Smart Irrigation Systems

• Drip and Sprinkler Systems: Automated irrigation systems that deliver water directly to the root zone, minimising waste and optimising water use.
• Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers: Adjust watering schedules based on weather forecasts, reducing water usage and preventing overwatering.

4.8 Renewable Energy in Agriculture

• Solar-Powered Water Pumps: Providing a sustainable alternative to diesel pumps, which can reduce operational costs and emissions.
• Biogas Plants: Converting organic waste into renewable energy, improving waste management and providing clean energy for farm operations.

4.9 Farm-to-Table Platforms

• Mobile Apps for Direct Market Access: Enable farmers to connect directly with consumers and buyers, cutting down middlemen and ensuring better income.
• E-Commerce and Online Marketplaces: Facilitate the sale of fresh produce and agri-products, increasing farmers’ reach and market access.

4.10 Data Analytics and Cloud Computing

• Farm Management Software: Platforms that collect and analyse data related to crop cycles, weather conditions, and financials to improve productivity.
• Remote Data Storage: Cloud-based solutions allow farmers to store and access data, share insights, and receive expert advice.

4.11 Challenges and Considerations

• Accessibility and Affordability: While these technologies offer significant benefits, their adoption is limited in many rural areas due to high costs and a lack of infrastructure.
• Training and Education: Farmers need education and training to effectively use these technologies.
• Policy and Regulation: Government policies must support innovation while ensuring safety standards and equitable distribution of benefits.

These technologies, when implemented and scaled up effectively, hold immense potential for transforming India’s agricultural sector by enhancing productivity, sustainability, and resilience in the face of climate change and other challenges.

4.12 Challenges of Agritech Adoption in India

Adoption of agritech in India faces several barriers that are complex and multifaceted. These challenges span socio-economic, infrastructural, and policy-related domains, impacting the overall growth and integration of technology in agriculture.

4.12.1 Socio-Economic Barriers

• Low Digital Literacy: Many farmers, especially in rural and remote areas, have limited familiarity with digital tools and technologies. This hampers their ability to adopt and effectively use agritech solutions.
• Financial Constraints: The high initial cost of adopting agritech solutions, including modern equipment, sensors, and software, is a major deterrent for small-scale farmers who often operate on tight budgets. While subsidies and government schemes exist, they may not be sufficient to cover the full cost of adoption.
• Fragmented Land Holdings: The prevalence of small and fragmented land holdings makes it challenging for farmers to justify the investment in technologies that may be more effective on larger farms.
• Awareness and Education: Many farmers lack awareness of the potential benefits that agritech can offer. Without proper education and training, they remain hesitant to adopt new technologies.
• Risk Aversion: Farmers are often risk-averse, especially when faced with the possibility of losing their primary source of income. The perception that new technologies might fail or disrupt traditional practices adds to their reluctance.

4.12.2 Infrastructural Barriers

• Limited Internet Connectivity: Reliable and high-speed internet is crucial for the implementation of many agritech solutions. In many rural areas of India, poor internet infrastructure limits access to digital tools, remote sensing, and real-time data services.
• Electricity Access: While urban areas generally have a more stable electricity supply, many rural regions face frequent power outages or limited access, hindering the use of technologies that rely on consistent power, such as IoT sensors and automated systems.
• Logistics and Transportation: The lack of efficient transportation networks can impede the timely distribution and maintenance of tech equipment and the movement of produce to markets. This is particularly relevant for cold storage solutions and supply chain management technologies.
• Limited Support Systems: The absence of local service centres and trained personnel to install and maintain equipment poses a challenge. This can lead to prolonged downtime if equipment breaks down or requires updates.

4.12.3 Policy-Related Barriers

• Regulatory Hurdles: The regulatory environment in India can be complex, with varying rules across states that affect the adoption and use of agritech. This creates confusion and may delay the approval of certain technologies.
• Inadequate Support for Startups: While there is a growing ecosystem of agritech startups in India, many face difficulties in scaling due to limited access to funding, support from government initiatives, and policy incentives. Without conducive policies, these startups may struggle to reach farmers effectively.
• Subsidy and Price Control Policies: Government subsidies for traditional farming practices and crops can sometimes hinder the adoption of new, more efficient technologies. If subsidies continue to favour conventional farming, farmers may be less incentivised to adopt innovative practices.
• Intellectual Property (IP) Concerns: The uncertainty surrounding IP laws for agritech innovations can deter investors and companies from developing and introducing new products. Without clear IP protection, companies fear their technologies might be replicated without due credit or compensation.
• Lack of Integration: Government policies often lack a unified approach to promoting agritech, resulting in fragmented programs that do not create synergies across sectors. This can lead to inefficiencies and gaps in technology dissemination.

4.12.4 Cultural and Traditional Barriers

• Traditional Practices: Agriculture in India is often deeply intertwined with cultural practices and traditional knowledge. This can make farmers resistant to change, especially when new technologies challenge conventional methods.
• Community Networks: Farming is not only an individual activity but also part of a wider community network. If a community collectively values traditional practices, the adoption of new technology may be slow and met with scepticism.
• Language and Accessibility: Many agritech platforms are primarily in English or regional languages that may not reach all farmers. Ensuring that platforms and applications are multilingual and user-friendly is vital for broad adoption.

4.13 Strategies for Overcoming Barriers

• Education and Training Programs: Implementing extensive training and workshops to boost digital literacy among farmers and educate them about the benefits of agritech solutions.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Encouraging collaborations between the government and private sector to create affordable solutions and improve access to technology in rural areas.
• Infrastructure Investments: Expanding internet and electricity access through government-funded projects and partnerships to support the tech ecosystem in agriculture.
• Policy Reform: Simplifying and streamlining regulations to support innovation and attract investment. Policies should align with the needs of agritech startups and foster an ecosystem conducive to growth.
• Subsidised Financing: Providing low-interest loans or financial incentives to farmers to ease the transition to using advanced technologies.
• Localised Solutions: Developing technologies tailored to the unique needs of different regions and providing multilingual support to reach a broader audience.

Addressing these barriers requires a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder approach that incorporates the needs and capabilities of farmers, the government, agritech companies, and other relevant players. By tackling these challenges, India can accelerate the adoption of agritech, improving productivity and sustainability in agriculture.

4.14 Assessment of the Primary Factors Driving the Development of Agritech

Agritech innovations, government initiatives, and public-private collaborations are driving significant growth and resilience in India’s agricultural sector.

4.14.1 Agritech Innovations Driving Growth and Resilience

• Smart Farming Technologies: The use of IoT, AI, and machine learning has revolutionised how farmers monitor crops and manage resources. Innovations such as automated irrigation systems, drone-assisted crop surveillance, and real-time weather forecasting have enabled farmers to optimise water use, predict yields, and reduce crop loss due to adverse weather conditions.
• Data-Driven Platforms: Platforms like AgriBazaar and Ninjacart connect farmers directly with buyers, enabling better market access and fair pricing. These platforms often incorporate data analytics to provide market insights, which help farmers make more informed decisions.
• Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency: Blockchain is being used to create transparent supply chains, improving traceability and reducing fraud. This helps ensure that farmers receive fair compensation for their products and that consumers have greater confidence in the quality of produce.
• Biotechnology and GM Crops: Advances in biotechnology, including genetically modified (GM) seeds that are drought-resistant or pest-resistant, have contributed to higher yields and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
• Climate-Resilient Farming Solutions: New techniques such as precision agriculture and controlled-environment farming (e.g., vertical and hydroponic farming) are becoming more prevalent, enabling farming in areas with limited resources and helping adapt to climate change.

4.14.2 Government Initiatives Supporting Agritech

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): This initiative focuses on enhancing irrigation infrastructure and promoting water use efficiency, contributing to better water management in agriculture.
• Digital India Initiative: Under this program, the government has aimed to improve digital connectivity and technology infrastructure, which supports the adoption of agritech solutions.
• Kisan Samadhan and e-NAM: The National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) initiative is a significant step toward connecting farmers to a digital platform for selling their produce, which has helped in achieving better price discovery and reducing middlemen.
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): This mission promotes sustainable farming practices and supports the use of organic farming, integrated pest management, and other eco-friendly approaches.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat Initiative: The push for self-reliance has led to the promotion of localised agritech startups that innovate to solve regional agricultural challenges, driving technology adoption and creating new market opportunities.
• PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana): The crop insurance scheme that helps farmers mitigate the financial risk of crop failure due to natural disasters, thus promoting resilience in the face of climate uncertainties.

4.14.3 Public-Private Collaborations and Partnerships

• Startup Incubation Programs: The government and private sector have launched incubation and acceleration programs like Agri-Tech Accelerator initiatives to support startups working on innovative solutions. Programs backed by institutions like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and NABARD help scale these startups by providing financial support and mentorship.
• PPP Models in Rural Infrastructure: Public-private partnerships are fostering improvements in rural infrastructure, such as building cold storage facilities, transport networks, and warehouses, which help reduce post-harvest losses and improve supply chain efficiency.
• Collaborative Research and Development (R&D): Partnerships between agricultural universities, research organisations, and agritech companies are facilitating the development of tailored solutions for local farming challenges. For instance, collaborations with international tech firms have led to the deployment of AI-powered predictive models and other smart tools.
• Corporate Initiatives: Major companies like Mahindra Agri Solutions, ITC Limited, and Tata Chemicals are working with farmers directly to provide training, access to quality inputs, and technology adoption programs. These initiatives often include financial assistance and create an ecosystem for sustainable farming practices.

4.14.4 Impact on Growth and Resilience

• Enhanced Productivity: Agritech has led to more efficient use of resources such as water, fertilisers, and pesticides, resulting in higher crop yields and better productivity. Technologies like precision farming have allowed farmers to tailor practices to the needs of specific crops and fields, maximising output.
• Income Stabilisation: Access to better market prices through e-NAM and other digital platforms has helped farmers earn fairer income. Crop insurance schemes such as PMFBY help them recover financially from adverse conditions, reducing vulnerability.
• Sustainability and Environmental Benefits: Eco-friendly practices encouraged through government schemes and agritech innovations support sustainable farming. Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides, more efficient water use, and soil health management contribute to long-term agricultural sustainability.
• Climate Adaptation: The adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties and smart farming technologies has improved farmers’ ability to cope with climate variability, leading to a more resilient agricultural sector.
• Job Creation and Rural Development: The agritech sector has generated jobs, not just in farming but also in areas such as technology development, service provision, and supply chain management. Startups and tech companies are also contributing to rural economic development by providing training and employment opportunities.

4.15 Challenges and Areas for Further Improvement

• Access and Inclusivity: The benefits of agritech are not evenly distributed. Smallholders and marginalised farmers often lack the resources to adopt these technologies, and further government support and inclusive policies are needed to bridge this gap.
• Infrastructure Gaps: Continued investment in rural infrastructure, such as reliable electricity, internet connectivity, and transportation, is needed to maximise the benefits of agritech solutions.
• Policy Alignment: While there are many initiatives, they need to be better integrated to avoid overlaps and ensure streamlined support for farmers and agritech companies.
• Skill Development: Training farmers to use new technologies effectively is crucial. The government and private sectors need to invest more in capacity-building programs tailored to farmers’ specific needs.

Agritech innovations, government programs, and collaborative efforts have been instrumental in driving growth and building resilience in India’s agricultural sector. While significant progress has been made, addressing existing challenges such as infrastructure, inclusivity, and skill development will be key to sustaining and scaling these improvements. A more unified approach that leverages the strengths of public and private sectors can help ensure that the benefits of agritech are widespread and sustainable for future generations.

Agritech in India has shown significant potential to enhance agricultural productivity, sustainability, and resilience. Key innovations such as precision farming, IoT sensors, AI, and blockchain have begun to address longstanding inefficiencies and challenges in the sector. Government initiatives like e-NAM, PMFBY, and Digital India have supported technology adoption, while public-private partnerships and agritech startups have driven growth. However, significant barriers remain, including low digital literacy, financial constraints, infrastructural deficits, and policy challenges that hinder widespread adoption.

5. Conclusion

While India has made strides in integrating agritech to transform agriculture, there is still a considerable gap between innovation and full-scale adoption, particularly among small-scale and marginalised farmers. The sector’s growth relies on overcoming socio-economic, infrastructural, and policy-related challenges. Effective collaborations between government bodies, private sector entities, and farmers are essential to creating an ecosystem conducive to sustained development and widespread technology adoption. Addressing these barriers through targeted support and inclusive policies will be crucial for maximising the sector’s potential.

Future Studies

Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term impacts of agritech on smallholder farmers’ income and sustainability practices. Studies could investigate the effectiveness of current government initiatives and identify gaps that need to be addressed for greater inclusivity. Additionally, examining the scalability of successful models and exploring the role of emerging technologies like blockchain in supply chain optimisation would be valuable. Finally, research into training and capacity-building programs tailored to diverse farmer needs will be key to promoting effective technology adoption.

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